单元测试
测试(test)是这样一种 Rust 函数:它保证其他部分的代码按照所希望的行为正常运行。测试函数的函数体通常会进行一些配置,运行我们想要测试的代码,然后断言(assert)结果是不是我们所期望的。
大多数单元测试都会被放到一个叫 tests
的、带有 #[cfg(test)]
属性的模块中,测试函数要加上 #[test]
属性。
当测试函数中有什么东西 panic 了,测试就失败。有一些这方面的辅助宏:
assert!(expression)
- 如果表达式的值是false
则 panic。assert_eq!(left, right)
和assert_ne!(left, right)
- 检验左右两边是否 相等/不等。
pub fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
a + b
}
// 这个加法函数写得很差,本例中我们会使它失败。
#[allow(dead_code)]
fn bad_add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
a - b
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
// 注意这个惯用法:在 tests 模块中,从外部作用域导入所有名字。
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_add() {
assert_eq!(add(1, 2), 3);
}
#[test]
fn test_bad_add() {
// 这个断言会导致测试失败。注意私有的函数也可以被测试!
assert_eq!(bad_add(1, 2), 3);
}
}
可以使用 cargo test
来运行测试。
$ cargo test
running 2 tests
test tests::test_bad_add ... FAILED
test tests::test_add ... ok
failures:
---- tests::test_bad_add stdout ----
thread 'tests::test_bad_add' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
left: `-1`,
right: `3`', src/lib.rs:21:8
note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
failures:
tests::test_bad_add
test result: FAILED. 1 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
测试 panic
一些函数应当在特定条件下 panic。为测试这种行为,请使用 #[should_panic]
属性。这个属性接受可选参数 expected =
以指定 panic 时的消息。如果你的函数能以多种方式
panic,这个属性就保证了你在测试的确实是所指定的 panic。
pub fn divide_non_zero_result(a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 {
if b == 0 {
panic!("Divide-by-zero error");
} else if a < b {
panic!("Divide result is zero");
}
a / b
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_divide() {
assert_eq!(divide_non_zero_result(10, 2), 5);
}
#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn test_any_panic() {
divide_non_zero_result(1, 0);
}
#[test]
#[should_panic(expected = "Divide result is zero")]
fn test_specific_panic() {
divide_non_zero_result(1, 10);
}
}
运行这些测试会输出:
$ cargo test
running 3 tests
test tests::test_any_panic ... ok
test tests::test_divide ... ok
test tests::test_specific_panic ... ok
test result: ok. 3 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
Doc-tests tmp-test-should-panic
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
运行特定的测试
要运行特定的测试,只要把测试名称传给 cargo test
命令就可以了。
$ cargo test test_any_panic
running 1 test
test tests::test_any_panic ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 2 filtered out
Doc-tests tmp-test-should-panic
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
要运行多个测试,可以仅指定测试名称中的一部分,用它来匹配所有要运行的测试。
$ cargo test panic
running 2 tests
test tests::test_any_panic ... ok
test tests::test_specific_panic ... ok
test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 1 filtered out
Doc-tests tmp-test-should-panic
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
忽略测试
可以把属性 #[ignore]
赋予测试以排除某些测试,或者使用 cargo test -- --ignored
命令来运行它们。
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { pub fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { a + b } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use super::*; #[test] fn test_add() { assert_eq!(add(2, 2), 4); } #[test] fn test_add_hundred() { assert_eq!(add(100, 2), 102); assert_eq!(add(2, 100), 102); } #[test] #[ignore] fn ignored_test() { assert_eq!(add(0, 0), 0); } } }
$ cargo test
running 1 test
test tests::ignored_test ... ignored
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 1 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
Doc-tests tmp-ignore
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
$ cargo test -- --ignored
running 1 test
test tests::ignored_test ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
Doc-tests tmp-ignore
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out